What is cardiovascular disease?
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. It is also sometimes called heart disease. CVD is the leading cause of death worldwide. Many factors can increase the risk of developing CVD, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, diabetes, family history, poor diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol use. However, by making lifestyle changes and taking medication if prescribed, it is possible to prevent CVD and its complications.
Some of the most common types of CVD include:
- Coronary artery disease (CAD) - CAD occurs when the major blood vessels that supply the heart become damaged or diseased, usually from a buildup of cholesterol-containing deposits called plaque. This can cause chest pain or discomfort (angina) and heart attacks.
- Stroke - A stroke happens when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. A blood clot or bleeding in the brain are common causes.
- Heart failure - Also known as congestive heart failure, this means the heart can't pump blood as well as it should. Fluid can back up into the lungs, causing shortness of breath.
- Atherosclerosis - This condition, also known as hardening of the arteries, happens when plaque narrows and stiffens artery walls. It can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
- Arrhythmia - This refers to an irregular heartbeat. Types include atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, and bradycardia. Some arrhythmias can be life-threatening.
The best ways to prevent CVD include:
- Eating a heart-healthy diet low in saturated fat, trans fat, and sodium, but high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein
- Exercising regularly - at least 30 minutes per day of moderate activity
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Not smoking cigarettes
- Limiting alcohol intake
- Managing conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes
Early detection is key. Be sure to schedule regular checkups with your doctor and discuss your risk factors. Tests like blood work, EKGs, stress tests, echocardiograms, and coronary angiograms can screen for CVD and help guide treatment if needed. Lifestyle changes and medications may be recommended to reduce the likelihood of CVD progression and complications like heart attack or stroke.
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